Flufenicol, also known as flufenicol, is a chemically synthesized new generation of animal specific chloramphenicol (also known as amide alcohol) broad-spectrum antibiotics that have antibacterial activity against various bacteria and do not form cross resistance with human drugs. Its characteristics are wide antibacterial spectrum, good antibacterial effect, rapid absorption of oral or injection drugs, wide distribution of various organs in the body, ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier, and no cross resistance with other commonly used antibiotics. Especially without potential aplastic anemia effects, it is relatively safe
Due to the high toxicity of chloramphenicol, which can severely inhibit the hematopoietic function of animal bone marrow, leading to white blood cell deficiency and reduced platelet production, or irreversible aplastic anemia, as well as its immunosuppressive effect, the Ministry of Agriculture's Announcement No. 193 of 2002 clearly stipulates that chloramphenicol is prohibited from all food animals. At present, flufenicol has become the main substitute for chloramphenicol after its prohibition, playing an important role in veterinary clinical practice. How to use florfenicol correctly and reasonably, and what precautions should be taken in pig production and clinical application, has become a common focus of attention.
1 Pharmacology
(1) Pharmacodynamics: Flufenicol has a chemical structure similar to chloramphenicol and is a monofluoro derivative of thiamphenicol. Its antibacterial spectrum, action, mechanism, and indications are the same as chloramphenicol.
Due to the substitution of the para nitro group on the benzene ring structure of chloramphenicol by the methylsulfone group, the toxic side effects are reduced, but there is still a dose-dependent reversible inhibitory effect on bone marrow hematopoietic function. Its mechanism of action is to bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial 70S ribosome, block peptidyltransferase, inhibit peptide chain extension, and thus interfere with bacterial protein synthesis to produce antibacterial effects.
This product belongs to a broad-spectrum quick acting antibacterial agent, with slightly better antibacterial activity than chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol, and low resistance and drug residue. It has strong antibacterial activity against various Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, and Mycoplasma, especially against Gram negative bacteria, which is better than Gram positive bacteria. However, its effect on Gram positive cocci is not as good as that of penicillin and tetracycline. Highly sensitive to hemolytic Pasteurella, Bacillus multocida (which can cause porcine pulmonary disease), and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (which can cause infectious pleuropneumonia), and sensitive to most Gram negative Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, including paratyphoid, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Brucella. Sensitive Gram positive bacteria include Streptococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria, Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, etc. It has a certain effect on Leptospira, Chlamydia, and Rickettsia. It can also enter cells smoothly and is effective against various intracellular pathogens. It also has a significant effect on various anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium tetanus and actinomycetes.
In addition, general doses of flufenicol have antibacterial effects, and can exhibit bactericidal effects at high concentrations or when acting on highly sensitive bacteria. Bacteria can develop acquired resistance to this product, with Escherichia coli being more prone to production and exhibiting cross resistance with thiamphenicol. This product is ineffective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi, and viruses.
(2) Pharmacokinetics: Pig oral administration has complete absorption and high bioavailability, and can still absorb 80% to 90% even under feeding conditions. Due to the fact that flufenicol is not associated with glucose in the liver